Top image: The heart is completely shifted to the left side of the chest cavity, which is a case of common pectus excavatum; Bottom image: The heart is located at the bottom of the indentation, not shifted to the left, and is clearly compressed, which is a case of malignant pectus excavatum. Pectus excavatum   is a common chest wall deformity that usually causes no significant symptoms if the indentation is mild. This is because the heart shifts toward the left side of the ch

This guide explores Poland syndrome, a rare congenital condition, covering its prevalence, symptoms, and modern treatment options.

Paradoxical breathing is an abnormal respiratory pattern characterized by the chest or abdomen moving in the opposite direction to normal respiratory motion. ​ Under normal circumstances, the chest wall expands and the abdomen protrudes during inhalation, while the chest wall contracts and the abdomen sinks during exhalation. In paradoxical breathing, however, the chest wall collapses and the abdomen sinks inward during inhalation, and protrudes outward during exhalation. ​ T