Reviewed by Dr. Yang Liu Dr. Liu is a chest wall surgeon specializing in complex chest wall deformities. He has participated in over 6,000 chest wall surgeries and published extensively in this field. Is Poland syndrome  a relatively uncommon condition? Yes, it is. Poland syndrome is regarded as a rare and relatively complex condition. However, with the advancement of medical science and increasing awareness of Poland syndrome, more patients are being accurately diagnosed and

Paradoxical breathing is an abnormal respiratory pattern characterized by the chest or abdomen moving in the opposite direction to normal respiratory motion. ​ Under normal circumstances, the chest wall expands and the abdomen protrudes during inhalation, while the chest wall contracts and the abdomen sinks during exhalation. In paradoxical breathing, however, the chest wall collapses and the abdomen sinks inward during inhalation, and protrudes outward during exhalation. ​ T

Acute angle deformity refers to a specific type of localized deformity where a sharp angle forms in areas of significant protrusion or depression of the chest wall. This malformation does not exist independently but rather manifests as a feature within a diverse range of chest wall deformities, encompassing single deformity such as pectus excavatum and pectus carinatum, as well as various complex deformities. ​ Acute angle deformity is most commonly seen in cases where pectus